PFA YTD Performance League Tables and Volatility of Returns Calculations
Our PFA Year-to-Date (YTD) Performance League Tables and Volatility of Returns Calculations is an insightful overview of investment performance over the year for each PFA’s RSA fund managed on your behalf, allowing you to assess the relative performance of each fund and compare with others.
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Fund I - Aggressive Growth
Fund I is accessible strictly by formal request of the contributor and only for those aged 49 years and below.
Our PFA Year-to-Date (YTD) Performance League Tables and Volatility of Returns Calculations is an insightful overview of investment performance over the year for each PFA’s RSA fund managed on your behalf, allowing you to assess the relative performance of each fund and compare with others.
In each table, you'll find detailed information on the YTD performance of each fund, loaded in alphabetical order but can be sorted by clicking on a header of your choosing. Additionally, we calculate the volatility of returns for each fund YTD as well as annualising the result, offering you a view the ups and downs of the returns of each fund year to date and projected over the rest of the year.
Our goal is to empower you with the data needed to make informed decisions in monitoring and reviewing your PFA.
Our PFA YTD Performance League Tables provide valuable insights into the performance and risk characteristics of all pension funds.
Interpretations:
- A fund with low volatility returns means that the returns generated into the fund tends to remain relatively stable over time, with minimal fluctuations.
- A fund with high volatility returns means that the returns generated into the fund can change significantly, which can mean greater potential for both more gains and losses, making the fund riskier.
Explore the tables to discover how various funds have performed over the year and to gauge the volatility (ups and downs) of their respective returns.
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.73% | 0.23% | 4.39% | 0.03% | 2023 | ||
| 255 | 11-09-2024 | 10.61% | 0.26% | 5.02% | 2.00% | 2023 | ||
| 249 | 11-09-2024 | 7.35% | 0.42% | 8.12% | 2.05% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.04% | 0.21% | 3.98% | 1.33% | 2023 | ||
| 231 | 12-09-2024 | 10.38% | 0.19% | 3.68% | 1.88% | 2023 | ||
| 237 | 10-09-2024 | 10.82% | 0.94% | 18.06% | 1.92% | 2023 | ||
| 243 | 30-08-2024 | 12.87% | 0.51% | 9.68% | 1.62% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.00% | 0.30% | 5.83% | 5.13% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 4.04% | 0.54% | 10.27% | 2.22% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 31.79% | 0.37% | 7.05% | 1.98% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 5.77% | 0.39% | 7.48% | 1.92% | 2023 | ||
| 216 | 11-09-2024 | 10.30% | 0.36% | 6.81% | 1.87% | 2023 | ||
| 258 | 12-09-2024 | 11.29% | 0.82% | 15.75% | 2.19% | 2021 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.71% | 0.22% | 4.15% | 2.39% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 5.89% | 0.47% | 9.00% | 2.19% | 2022 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.40% | 0.30% | 5.68% | 1.45% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 1.95% | 0.51% | 9.85% | 1.94% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.24% | 0.35% | 6.75% | 2.29% | 2022 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 12.26% | 0.22% | 4.16% | 1.96% | 2023 | ||
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For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.02% | 0.17% | 3.19% | 0.01% | 2023 | ||
| 254 | 11-09-2024 | 10.16% | 0.15% | 2.95% | 1.61% | 2023 | ||
| 249 | 11-09-2024 | 12.06% | 0.31% | 5.84% | 1.49% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.10% | 0.21% | 3.96% | 1.61% | 2023 | ||
| 231 | 12-09-2024 | 11.72% | 0.11% | 2.05% | 1.62% | 2023 | ||
| 237 | 10-09-2024 | 9.24% | 1.68% | 32.09% | 2.07% | 2023 | ||
| 243 | 30-08-2024 | 9.20% | 0.23% | 4.35% | 1.58% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 7.99% | 0.10% | 1.95% | 1.93% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 6.66% | 0.55% | 10.51% | 2.03% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 25.51% | 0.27% | 5.23% | 1.59% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.68% | 0.14% | 2.69% | 1.80% | 2023 | ||
| 196 | 11-09-2024 | 12.29% | 5.70% | 109.03% | 1.60% | 2023 | ||
| 258 | 12-09-2024 | 13.37% | 0.26% | 4.94% | 1.67% | 2021 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.48% | 0.18% | 3.49% | 1.66% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.14% | 0.21% | 3.98% | 1.61% | 2022 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.52% | 0.14% | 2.58% | 1.58% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 7.88% | 1.59% | 30.46% | 1.54% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.13% | 0.25% | 4.87% | 1.73% | 2022 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 9.83% | 0.12% | 2.22% | 1.95% | 2023 | ||
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.00% | 0.10% | 1.93% | 0.00% | 2023 | ||
| 255 | 11-09-2024 | 9.39% | 0.15% | 2.84% | 1.47% | 2023 | ||
| 249 | 11-09-2024 | 0.48% | 9.26% | 1.47% | 2023 | |||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.45% | 0.08% | 1.56% | 1.51% | 2023 | ||
| 231 | 12-09-2024 | 11.64% | 0.10% | 1.93% | 1.50% | 2023 | ||
| 237 | 10-09-2024 | 8.85% | 0.10% | 1.91% | 2.72% | 2023 | ||
| 243 | 30-08-2024 | 7.93% | 0.11% | 2.17% | 1.42% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 6.31% | 0.07% | 1.28% | 1.71% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 7.33% | 0.29% | 5.49% | 1.87% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 24.63% | 0.23% | 4.38% | 1.44% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.66% | 0.11% | 2.09% | 1.94% | 2023 | ||
| 191 | 11-09-2024 | 9.62% | 0.11% | 2.02% | 1.44% | 2023 | ||
| 258 | 12-09-2024 | 10.32% | 0.11% | 2.10% | 1.53% | 2021 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.03% | 0.05% | 0.96% | 1.56% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.10% | 0.22% | 4.13% | 1.48% | 2022 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.59% | 0.04% | 0.82% | 1.42% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 8.16% | 0.32% | 6.18% | 1.40% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.56% | 0.11% | 2.10% | 1.56% | 2022 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 9.94% | 0.22% | 4.27% | 1.63% | 2023 | ||
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.00% | 0.08% | 1.61% | 0.00% | 2023 | ||
| 255 | 11-09-2024 | 9.27% | 0.06% | 1.22% | 0.95% | 2023 | ||
| 249 | 11-09-2024 | 9.42% | 0.37% | 7.12% | 0.91% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.73% | 0.03% | 0.62% | 0.92% | 2023 | ||
| 231 | 12-09-2024 | 9.17% | 0.03% | 0.49% | 0.77% | 2023 | ||
| 237 | 10-09-2024 | 7.23% | 0.40% | 7.67% | 2.92% | 2023 | ||
| 243 | 30-08-2024 | 8.54% | 0.19% | 3.60% | 0.96% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 6.75% | 0.05% | 0.94% | 0.76% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.60% | 0.04% | 0.75% | 1.85% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 14.16% | 0.12% | 2.27% | 0.84% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.12% | 0.01% | 0.27% | 1.25% | 2023 | ||
| 191 | 11-09-2024 | 9.78% | 0.02% | 0.31% | 0.98% | 2023 | ||
| 258 | 12-09-2024 | 9.27% | 0.10% | 1.85% | 0.47% | 2021 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.10% | 0.02% | 0.39% | 0.94% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 6.76% | 0.10% | 1.90% | 0.60% | 2022 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.13% | 0.02% | 0.37% | 1.01% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 8.58% | 0.12% | 2.22% | 0.93% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.85% | 0.06% | 1.20% | 0.84% | 2022 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 9.55% | 0.06% | 1.23% | 1.22% | 2023 | ||
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 12.19% | 0.49% | 9.46% | 2.65% | 2023 | ||
| 255 | 11-09-2024 | 10.94% | 0.14% | 2.64% | 0.76% | 2023 | ||
| 249 | 11-09-2024 | 10.18% | 0.63% | 12.14% | 1.63% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.83% | 0.02% | 0.39% | 1.03% | 2023 | ||
| 231 | 12-09-2024 | 11.71% | 0.03% | 0.61% | 1.05% | 2023 | ||
| 237 | 10-09-2024 | 12.07% | 0.01% | 0.11% | 0.09% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 13.55% | 0.11% | 2.07% | 2.73% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 8.84% | 0.18% | 3.44% | 1.89% | 2023 | ||
| 258 | 12-09-2024 | 13.00% | 0.02% | 0.47% | 0.70% | 2021 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.09% | 0.05% | 0.88% | 1.03% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 6.28% | 0.04% | 0.84% | 8.43% | 2022 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 12.93% | 0.07% | 1.26% | 0.94% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 8.45% | 0.11% | 2.10% | 2.77% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 13.73% | 0.02% | 0.36% | 1.87% | 2022 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 10.78% | 0.45% | 8.59% | 1.84% | 2023 | ||
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 254 | 12-09-2024 | 10.86% | 0.09% | 1.68% | 0.02% | 2023 | ||
| 255 | 11-09-2024 | 11.25% | 0.15% | 2.90% | 1.48% | 2023 | ||
| 250 | 11-09-2024 | 12.39% | 0.13% | 2.54% | 1.41% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.83% | 0.09% | 1.75% | 1.62% | 2023 | ||
| 18 | 12-09-2024 | 0.01% | 0.11% | 1.00% | 2023 | |||
| 237 | 10-09-2024 | 8.94% | 0.26% | 5.03% | 2.14% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.18% | 0.12% | 2.39% | 1.02% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.40% | 0.05% | 1.04% | 1.82% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 12.88% | 0.44% | 8.43% | 2.66% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.81% | 0.04% | 0.79% | 1.65% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.95% | 0.03% | 0.58% | 1.30% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 3.91% | 0.27% | 5.23% | 1.57% | 2023 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 10.50% | 0.10% | 2.00% | 1.63% | 2023 | ||
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
| Pension Fund Name/PFA | Day Count of Published Prices | Latest Published Fund Price | YTD Returns | Volatility of YTD Returns | Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns | Fund Expense Ratio | Fund Expense Ratio (Year) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.01% | 0.04% | 0.85% | 0.01% | 2023 | ||
| 255 | 11-09-2024 | 9.10% | 0.07% | 1.35% | 1.07% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.38% | 0.11% | 2.08% | 0.95% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 9.58% | 0.04% | 0.75% | 0.25% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 11.93% | 0.06% | 1.15% | 0.93% | 2023 | ||
| 256 | 12-09-2024 | 10.89% | 0.04% | 0.76% | 1.16% | 2023 | ||
| 241 | 12-09-2024 | 5.73% | 0.08% | 1.58% | 2.39% | 2023 | ||
| 252 | 12-09-2024 | 9.57% | 0.01% | 0.26% | 1.39% | 2023 | ||
For transparency, the figures have been derived as follows:
- Day_Count_of_Published_Prices: This is the number of days the fund's prices are available from the PFA's website. PenCom guidelines mandate that "All PFAs shall make the unit prices of their RSA Funds readily accessible on their websites", at least for the last 7 days.
- YTD Returns: This is the fund price returns since the beginning of the current year to the 'Last Updated Date'.
- Volatility of YTD Returns: This is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the fund unit price. Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for the fund and gives fund holders a sense of how much the fund's unit price is expected to fluctuate.
- Annualised Volatility of YTD Returns: This reflects the expected range of the fund's unit price movements over the course of a year, based on historical data from the beginning of the year to date.
- Fund Expense Ratio: This is the annual cost of managing the fund. The lower the expense ratio the better for RSA holders as it indicates that more returns accrue into the fund. This figure is derived from the fund's annual audited accounts.
We only use publicly available information.
We have no control over when PFA's publish their fund prices on their website, which should be in accordance with PenCom guidelines.
Our data and information provided is based on public data, our regulatory intelligence effort, from our archives, and other public sources such as from Fund Managers, FMAN, Pension Fund Administrators (PFAs), PenOp, etc. We have taken care to ensure that the information is correct, but MoneyCounsellors neither warrants, represents, nor guarantees the information's contents, nor does it accept responsibility for any errors, inaccuracies, omissions, or inconsistencies contained herein. Because past performance does not predict future performance, it should not be used to make an investment decision. We make no product recommendations. No news or research item should be interpreted as a personal recommendation to buy, sell, or switch any investment. Investments and the income generated by them rise and fall in value, so you may receive more or less than you invested.
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